# Localization

> Source: https://scrape.do/documentation/google-scraper-api/localization/

Master reference for hl, gl, google_domain, lr, cr, location, uule, ll, device, and time_period across every Google Scraper sub-API

This is the master localization reference for the entire Google Scraper API suite. Every parameter listed here is documented once with an **applicable-to** badge so you know which sub-APIs accept it. The full code lists (150+ languages, 240+ countries, 84 domains) live on this page; every other doc just links here.

For currency parameters used by the pricing-aware sub-APIs, see [Currency](/documentation/google-scraper-api/currency).

---

## Language Parameter (hl)

**Applicable to:** Search, Maps, Shopping, Flights, Hotels, News. (Trends uses `geo` instead.)

The `hl` (Host Language) parameter controls the language of the Google UI (buttons, labels, and interface text). It uses ISO 639-1 language codes. All 150+ Google interface languages are supported.

> [!NOTE]
> On Maps and Reviews, `hl` also localizes day names in `operating_hours`, guided review `details` keys (`cuisine` instead of `food` for `hl=fr`), and triggers inline review translations (`extracted_snippet.translated`). On Hotels and Flights, it affects label text but not retailer/airline names. On News, it changes the menu strip and related topics.

### Common Languages

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `en` English (default) | `ja` Japanese |
| `tr` Turkish | `ko` Korean |
| `de` German | `ar` Arabic |
| `fr` French | `ru` Russian |
| `es` Spanish | `zh-cn` Chinese (Simplified) |
| `it` Italian | `zh-tw` Chinese (Traditional) |
| `pt` Portuguese | `pl` Polish |
| `nl` Dutch | `hi` Hindi |
| `sv` Swedish | `th` Thai |

### All Supported hl Values

| | | |
|:--|:--|:--|
| `ach` Luo | `af` Afrikaans | `ak` Akan |
| `am` Amharic | `ar` Arabic | `az` Azerbaijani |
| `be` Belarusian | `bem` Bemba | `bh` Bihari |
| `bn` Bengali | `br` Breton | `bs` Bosnian |
| `bt` Bhutanese | `bg` Bulgarian | `ca` Catalan |
| `chr` Cherokee | `ckb` Kurdish (Sorani) | `co` Corsican |
| `crs` Seychellois Creole | `cs` Czech | `cy` Welsh |
| `da` Danish | `de` German | `ee` Ewe |
| `el` Greek | `en` English | `eo` Esperanto |
| `es` Spanish | `es-419` Spanish (Latin America) | `et` Estonian |
| `eu` Basque | `fa` Persian | `fi` Finnish |
| `fo` Faroese | `fr` French | `fy` Frisian |
| `ga` Irish | `gaa` Ga | `gd` Scots Gaelic |
| `gl` Galician | `gn` Guarani | `gu` Gujarati |
| `ha` Hausa | `haw` Hawaiian | `he` Hebrew |
| `hi` Hindi | `hr` Croatian | `ht` Haitian Creole |
| `hu` Hungarian | `hy` Armenian | `ia` Interlingua |
| `id` Indonesian | `ig` Igbo | `is` Icelandic |
| `it` Italian | `iw` Hebrew (legacy) | `ja` Japanese |
| `jw` Javanese | `ka` Georgian | `kg` Kongo |
| `kk` Kazakh | `kl` Greenlandic | `km` Cambodian |
| `kn` Kannada | `ko` Korean | `kri` Krio |
| `ku` Kurdish | `ky` Kyrgyz | `la` Latin |
| `lg` Luganda | `ln` Lingala | `lo` Laothian |
| `loz` Lozi | `lt` Lithuanian | `lua` Tshiluba |
| `lv` Latvian | `mfe` Mauritian Creole | `mg` Malagasy |
| `mi` Maori | `mk` Macedonian | `ml` Malayalam |
| `mn` Mongolian | `mo` Moldavian | `mr` Marathi |
| `ms` Malay | `mt` Maltese | `mv` Maldives |
| `my` Myanmar (Burmese) | `ne` Nepali | `nl` Dutch |
| `nn` Norwegian (Nynorsk) | `no` Norwegian | `nso` Northern Sotho |
| `ny` Chichewa | `nyn` Runyakitara | `oc` Occitan |
| `om` Oromo | `or` Oriya | `pa` Punjabi |
| `pcm` Nigerian Pidgin | `pl` Polish | `ps` Pashto |
| `pt` Portuguese | `pt-br` Portuguese (Brazil) | `pt-pt` Portuguese (Portugal) |
| `qu` Quechua | `rm` Romansh | `rn` Kirundi |
| `ro` Romanian | `ru` Russian | `rw` Kinyarwanda |
| `sd` Sindhi | `sh` Serbo-Croatian | `si` Sinhalese |
| `sk` Slovak | `sl` Slovenian | `sn` Shona |
| `so` Somali | `sq` Albanian | `sr` Serbian |
| `sr-me` Montenegrin | `st` Sesotho | `su` Sundanese |
| `sv` Swedish | `sw` Swahili | `ta` Tamil |
| `te` Telugu | `tg` Tajik | `th` Thai |
| `ti` Tigrinya | `tk` Turkmen | `tl` Filipino |
| `tn` Setswana | `to` Tonga | `tr` Turkish |
| `tt` Tatar | `tum` Tumbuka | `tw` Twi |
| `ug` Uighur | `uk` Ukrainian | `ur` Urdu |
| `uz` Uzbek | `vi` Vietnamese | `vu` Vanuatu |
| `wo` Wolof | `ws` Samoa | `xh` Xhosa |
| `yi` Yiddish | `yo` Yoruba | `zh-cn` Chinese (Simplified) |
| `zh-tw` Chinese (Traditional) | `zu` Zulu | |

> [!NOTE]
> `hl` sets the search *context*. Google treats it as a hint, so results may still include other languages. Use `lr` for strict language filtering.

---

## Country Parameter (gl)

**Applicable to:** Search, Maps, Shopping, Flights, Hotels, News. (Trends uses `geo` instead.)

The `gl` (Geo Location) parameter determines from which country's perspective results are ranked and returned. It uses ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes. All 240+ Google geo location codes are supported.

### Common Countries

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `us` United States (default) | `de` Germany |
| `gb` United Kingdom | `fr` France |
| `tr` Turkey | `es` Spain |
| `ca` Canada | `it` Italy |
| `au` Australia | `nl` Netherlands |
| `jp` Japan | `br` Brazil |
| `kr` South Korea | `in` India |
| `mx` Mexico | |

### All Supported gl Values

#### Americas

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `us` United States | `gy` Guyana |
| `ca` Canada | `ht` Haiti |
| `mx` Mexico | `hn` Honduras |
| `ar` Argentina | `jm` Jamaica |
| `bo` Bolivia | `mq` Martinique |
| `br` Brazil | `ni` Nicaragua |
| `cl` Chile | `pa` Panama |
| `co` Colombia | `py` Paraguay |
| `cr` Costa Rica | `pe` Peru |
| `cu` Cuba | `pr` Puerto Rico |
| `dm` Dominica | `pm` Saint Pierre and Miquelon |
| `do` Dominican Republic | `vc` Saint Vincent |
| `ec` Ecuador | `sr` Suriname |
| `sv` El Salvador | `tt` Trinidad and Tobago |
| `fk` Falkland Islands | `um` US Minor Outlying Islands |
| `gf` French Guiana | `uy` Uruguay |
| `gd` Grenada | `ve` Venezuela |
| `gp` Guadeloupe | `vg` British Virgin Islands |
| `gt` Guatemala | `vi` US Virgin Islands |

#### Europe

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `gb` United Kingdom | `lt` Lithuania |
| `uk` United Kingdom (alt) | `lu` Luxembourg |
| `al` Albania | `lv` Latvia |
| `ad` Andorra | `mc` Monaco |
| `at` Austria | `md` Moldova |
| `ba` Bosnia and Herzegovina | `me` Montenegro |
| `be` Belgium | `mk` North Macedonia |
| `bg` Bulgaria | `mt` Malta |
| `by` Belarus | `nl` Netherlands |
| `ch` Switzerland | `no` Norway |
| `cz` Czech Republic | `pl` Poland |
| `de` Germany | `pt` Portugal |
| `dk` Denmark | `ro` Romania |
| `ee` Estonia | `rs` Serbia |
| `es` Spain | `ru` Russia |
| `fi` Finland | `se` Sweden |
| `fo` Faroe Islands | `si` Slovenia |
| `fr` France | `sk` Slovakia |
| `ge` Georgia | `sm` San Marino |
| `gi` Gibraltar | `sj` Svalbard |
| `gg` Guernsey | `ua` Ukraine |
| `gl` Greenland | `va` Vatican City |
| `gr` Greece | `im` Isle of Man |
| `hr` Croatia | `je` Jersey |
| `hu` Hungary | `is` Iceland |
| `ie` Ireland | `li` Liechtenstein |
| `it` Italy | |

#### Asia Pacific

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `af` Afghanistan | `mv` Maldives |
| `au` Australia | `my` Malaysia |
| `az` Azerbaijan | `mm` Myanmar |
| `bd` Bangladesh | `mn` Mongolia |
| `bn` Brunei | `nr` Nauru |
| `bt` Bhutan | `np` Nepal |
| `cc` Cocos Islands | `nz` New Zealand |
| `ck` Cook Islands | `nf` Norfolk Island |
| `cn` China | `nu` Niue |
| `cx` Christmas Island | `pk` Pakistan |
| `fj` Fiji | `pg` Papua New Guinea |
| `fm` Micronesia | `ph` Philippines |
| `gu` Guam | `pn` Pitcairn |
| `hk` Hong Kong | `pw` Palau |
| `id` Indonesia | `sb` Solomon Islands |
| `in` India | `sg` Singapore |
| `jp` Japan | `th` Thailand |
| `kh` Cambodia | `tl` Timor-Leste |
| `ki` Kiribati | `tk` Tokelau |
| `kp` North Korea | `to` Tonga |
| `kr` South Korea | `tv` Tuvalu |
| `kz` Kazakhstan | `tw` Taiwan |
| `kg` Kyrgyzstan | `uz` Uzbekistan |
| `la` Laos | `vn` Vietnam |
| `lk` Sri Lanka | `vu` Vanuatu |
| `mh` Marshall Islands | `ws` Samoa |
| `mo` Macao | `as` American Samoa |
| `mp` Northern Mariana Islands | `pf` French Polynesia |

#### Middle East & Africa

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `ae` United Arab Emirates | `mg` Madagascar |
| `bh` Bahrain | `ml` Mali |
| `bj` Benin | `mr` Mauritania |
| `bf` Burkina Faso | `mu` Mauritius |
| `bi` Burundi | `mw` Malawi |
| `bw` Botswana | `mz` Mozambique |
| `cd` Congo (DRC) | `na` Namibia |
| `cf` Central African Republic | `ne` Niger |
| `cg` Congo | `ng` Nigeria |
| `ci` Cote D'Ivoire | `om` Oman |
| `cm` Cameroon | `ps` Palestinian Territory |
| `cv` Cape Verde | `qa` Qatar |
| `dj` Djibouti | `re` Reunion |
| `dz` Algeria | `rw` Rwanda |
| `eg` Egypt | `sa` Saudi Arabia |
| `eh` Western Sahara | `sc` Seychelles |
| `er` Eritrea | `sd` Sudan |
| `et` Ethiopia | `sh` Saint Helena |
| `ga` Gabon | `sl` Sierra Leone |
| `gh` Ghana | `sn` Senegal |
| `gm` Gambia | `so` Somalia |
| `gn` Guinea | `st` Sao Tome and Principe |
| `gq` Equatorial Guinea | `sz` Swaziland |
| `gw` Guinea-Bissau | `td` Chad |
| `il` Israel | `tg` Togo |
| `iq` Iraq | `tn` Tunisia |
| `ir` Iran | `tr` Turkey |
| `jo` Jordan | `tz` Tanzania |
| `ke` Kenya | `ug` Uganda |
| `km` Comoros | `ye` Yemen |
| `kn` Saint Kitts and Nevis | `yt` Mayotte |
| `kw` Kuwait | `za` South Africa |
| `lb` Lebanon | `zm` Zambia |
| `lc` Saint Lucia | `zw` Zimbabwe |
| `lr` Liberia | `ls` Lesotho |
| `ly` Libya | `ma` Morocco |

#### Other Territories

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `ai` Anguilla | `ky` Cayman Islands |
| `ag` Antigua and Barbuda | `ms` Montserrat |
| `aq` Antarctica | `nc` New Caledonia |
| `aw` Aruba | `sy` Syria |
| `bb` Barbados | `tc` Turks and Caicos |
| `bm` Bermuda | `tf` French Southern Territories |
| `bs` Bahamas | `tj` Tajikistan |
| `bv` Bouvet Island | `tm` Turkmenistan |
| `bz` Belize | `wf` Wallis and Futuna |
| `gs` South Georgia | `hm` Heard Island |
| `io` British Indian Ocean Territory | |

> [!NOTE]
> `gl` sets the search *context*. Google treats it as a hint, so results may still include global results. Use `cr` for strict country filtering.

---

## Country Restrict Parameter (cr)

**Applicable to:** Search only.

The `cr` (Country Restrict) parameter applies **strict country filtering**. Only results originating from the specified country are returned. Format: `countryXX` where `XX` is the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code in uppercase.

### Common Values

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `countryUS` United States | `countryDE` Germany |
| `countryUK` United Kingdom | `countryFR` France |
| `countryTR` Turkey | `countryES` Spain |
| `countryCA` Canada | `countryIT` Italy |
| `countryAU` Australia | `countryNL` Netherlands |
| `countryJP` Japan | `countryBR` Brazil |
| `countryKR` South Korea | `countryIN` India |
| `countryMX` Mexico | |

### All Supported cr Values

We support 240+ `cr` values. The full list mirrors the `gl` country codes in `countryXX` format. Every country code supported in `gl` is also supported in `cr`.

#### Americas

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `countryUS` United States | `countryGY` Guyana |
| `countryCA` Canada | `countryHT` Haiti |
| `countryMX` Mexico | `countryHN` Honduras |
| `countryAR` Argentina | `countryJM` Jamaica |
| `countryBO` Bolivia | `countryNI` Nicaragua |
| `countryBR` Brazil | `countryPA` Panama |
| `countryCL` Chile | `countryPY` Paraguay |
| `countryCO` Colombia | `countryPE` Peru |
| `countryCR` Costa Rica | `countryPR` Puerto Rico |
| `countryCU` Cuba | `countrySR` Suriname |
| `countryDM` Dominica | `countryTT` Trinidad and Tobago |
| `countryDO` Dominican Republic | `countryUY` Uruguay |
| `countryEC` Ecuador | `countryVE` Venezuela |
| `countrySV` El Salvador | `countryVI` US Virgin Islands |
| `countryGT` Guatemala | `countryVG` British Virgin Islands |

#### Europe

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `countryUK` United Kingdom | `countryLT` Lithuania |
| `countryAL` Albania | `countryLU` Luxembourg |
| `countryAT` Austria | `countryLV` Latvia |
| `countryBA` Bosnia and Herzegovina | `countryMC` Monaco |
| `countryBE` Belgium | `countryMD` Moldova |
| `countryBG` Bulgaria | `countryMK` North Macedonia |
| `countryBY` Belarus | `countryMT` Malta |
| `countryCH` Switzerland | `countryNL` Netherlands |
| `countryCZ` Czech Republic | `countryNO` Norway |
| `countryDE` Germany | `countryPL` Poland |
| `countryDK` Denmark | `countryPT` Portugal |
| `countryEE` Estonia | `countryRO` Romania |
| `countryES` Spain | `countryRU` Russia |
| `countryEU` European Union | `countrySE` Sweden |
| `countryFI` Finland | `countrySI` Slovenia |
| `countryFR` France | `countrySK` Slovakia |
| `countryGE` Georgia | `countryUA` Ukraine |
| `countryGR` Greece | `countryVA` Vatican City |
| `countryHR` Croatia | `countryIS` Iceland |
| `countryHU` Hungary | `countryLI` Liechtenstein |
| `countryIE` Ireland | `countrySM` San Marino |
| `countryIT` Italy | |

#### Asia Pacific

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `countryAU` Australia | `countryMY` Malaysia |
| `countryBD` Bangladesh | `countryMM` Myanmar |
| `countryCN` China | `countryNP` Nepal |
| `countryHK` Hong Kong | `countryNZ` New Zealand |
| `countryID` Indonesia | `countryPH` Philippines |
| `countryIN` India | `countryPK` Pakistan |
| `countryJP` Japan | `countrySG` Singapore |
| `countryKH` Cambodia | `countryTH` Thailand |
| `countryKP` North Korea | `countryTW` Taiwan |
| `countryKR` South Korea | `countryVN` Vietnam |
| `countryKZ` Kazakhstan | `countryMN` Mongolia |
| `countryLA` Laos | `countryLK` Sri Lanka |
| `countryMO` Macao | `countryKG` Kyrgyzstan |

#### Middle East & Africa

| | |
|:--|:--|
| `countryAE` United Arab Emirates | `countryMA` Morocco |
| `countryBH` Bahrain | `countryNG` Nigeria |
| `countryDZ` Algeria | `countryOM` Oman |
| `countryEG` Egypt | `countryPS` Palestinian Territory |
| `countryET` Ethiopia | `countryQA` Qatar |
| `countryGH` Ghana | `countrySA` Saudi Arabia |
| `countryIL` Israel | `countrySD` Sudan |
| `countryIQ` Iraq | `countryTN` Tunisia |
| `countryIR` Iran | `countryTR` Turkey |
| `countryJO` Jordan | `countryTZ` Tanzania |
| `countryKE` Kenya | `countryUG` Uganda |
| `countryKW` Kuwait | `countryZA` South Africa |
| `countryLB` Lebanon | `countryZM` Zambia |
| `countryLY` Libya | `countryZW` Zimbabwe |

> [!NOTE]
> You can also combine `cr` values with boolean operators for complex filtering. For example, `countryUS.countryUK` restricts results to pages from either the US or UK.

---

## Language Restrict Parameter (lr)

**Applicable to:** Search only.

The `lr` (Language Restrict) parameter applies **strict language filtering**. Only results written in the specified language are returned. Format: `lang_XX`.

We support all 35 Google language restrict values:

| | | |
|:--|:--|:--|
| `lang_ar` Arabic | `lang_hu` Hungarian | `lang_pl` Polish |
| `lang_bg` Bulgarian | `lang_id` Indonesian | `lang_pt` Portuguese |
| `lang_ca` Catalan | `lang_is` Icelandic | `lang_ro` Romanian |
| `lang_cs` Czech | `lang_it` Italian | `lang_ru` Russian |
| `lang_da` Danish | `lang_iw` Hebrew | `lang_sk` Slovak |
| `lang_de` German | `lang_ja` Japanese | `lang_sl` Slovenian |
| `lang_el` Greek | `lang_ko` Korean | `lang_sr` Serbian |
| `lang_en` English | `lang_lt` Lithuanian | `lang_sv` Swedish |
| `lang_es` Spanish | `lang_lv` Latvian | `lang_tr` Turkish |
| `lang_et` Estonian | `lang_nl` Dutch | `lang_zh-CN` Chinese (Simplified) |
| `lang_fi` Finnish | `lang_no` Norwegian | `lang_zh-TW` Chinese (Traditional) |
| `lang_fr` French | `lang_hr` Croatian | |

---

## Location & UULE

**Applicable to:** Search, Shopping. (Maps uses `ll` instead. See below.)

For precise geographic targeting beyond country-level, use the `location` or `uule` parameter.

### location

The `location` parameter accepts a location name in Google's canonical format. It is automatically encoded to a UULE string internally.

**Format:** `City,State/Region,Country`

**Examples:**
- `Istanbul,Istanbul,Turkey`
- `New York,New York,United States`
- `London,England,United Kingdom`
- `Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan`
- `Berlin,Berlin,Germany`

### uule

The `uule` parameter accepts a pre-encoded Google UULE location string. This is auto-generated from `location` when not provided.

> [!WARNING]
> If both `location` and `uule` are sent, `uule` takes priority. For most use cases, `location` is sufficient. Use `uule` only when you need to pass a pre-encoded value.

---

## hl vs lr / gl vs cr

The Google Search API has two levels of language and country control:

### Context (Hint) vs Strict Filter

| | Context (Hint) | Strict Filter |
|---|---|---|
| **Language** | `hl=tr`: Google UI in Turkish. Results may include other languages. | `lr=lang_tr`: Only Turkish-language pages are returned. |
| **Country** | `gl=tr`: Results from Turkey datacenter. May include global results. | `cr=countryTR`: Only pages originating from Turkey. |

### When to Use What

- **`hl` + `gl`**: Best for general localization. You want results relevant to a market but don't mind mixed languages.
- **`lr` + `cr`**: Best for strict filtering. You need only pages in a specific language or from a specific country.
- **Combine both**: Use `hl`/`gl` for context and add `lr`/`cr` when you need strict filtering on top.

**Example: Turkish results from Turkey**
```
/plugin/google/search?token=TOKEN&q=pizza&hl=tr&gl=tr&google_domain=google.com.tr
```

**Example: Strictly Turkish-language pages from Turkey**
```
/plugin/google/search?token=TOKEN&q=pizza&hl=tr&gl=tr&lr=lang_tr&cr=countryTR&google_domain=google.com.tr
```

---

## Time-Based Filtering

**Applicable to:** Search only.

The `time_period` parameter limits results to a specific recency window:

| Value | Description |
|-------|-------------|
| `last_hour` | Results from the last hour |
| `last_day` | Results from the last 24 hours |
| `last_week` | Results from the last 7 days |
| `last_month` | Results from the last 30 days |
| `last_year` | Results from the last 12 months |

---

## Supported Google Domains

**Applicable to:** Search, Maps, Shopping. (Flights, Hotels, News, and Trends use a global Google origin; locale comes from `gl`, `hl`, and `currency`.)

The `google_domain` parameter accepts the following 84 domains. Prefixes (`https://`, `http://`, `www.`) are automatically stripped.

#### Americas

| Domain | Country |
|--------|---------|
| `google.com` | United States |
| `google.ca` | Canada |
| `google.com.br` | Brazil |
| `google.com.mx` | Mexico |
| `google.com.ar` | Argentina |
| `google.cl` | Chile |
| `google.com.co` | Colombia |
| `google.com.pe` | Peru |

#### Europe

| Domain | Country |
|--------|---------|
| `google.co.uk` | United Kingdom |
| `google.de` | Germany |
| `google.fr` | France |
| `google.es` | Spain |
| `google.it` | Italy |
| `google.nl` | Netherlands |
| `google.be` | Belgium |
| `google.at` | Austria |
| `google.ch` | Switzerland |
| `google.se` | Sweden |
| `google.no` | Norway |
| `google.dk` | Denmark |
| `google.fi` | Finland |
| `google.pl` | Poland |
| `google.pt` | Portugal |
| `google.com.tr` | Turkey |
| `google.ie` | Ireland |
| `google.com.ua` | Ukraine |
| `google.ro` | Romania |
| `google.gr` | Greece |
| `google.hu` | Hungary |
| `google.cz` | Czech Republic |
| `google.sk` | Slovakia |
| `google.bg` | Bulgaria |
| `google.hr` | Croatia |
| `google.rs` | Serbia |
| `google.si` | Slovenia |
| `google.lt` | Lithuania |
| `google.lv` | Latvia |
| `google.ee` | Estonia |
| `google.ru` | Russia |

#### Asia Pacific

| Domain | Country |
|--------|---------|
| `google.co.jp` | Japan |
| `google.co.kr` | South Korea |
| `google.com.au` | Australia |
| `google.co.nz` | New Zealand |
| `google.co.in` | India |
| `google.co.id` | Indonesia |
| `google.co.th` | Thailand |
| `google.com.sg` | Singapore |
| `google.com.my` | Malaysia |
| `google.com.ph` | Philippines |
| `google.com.vn` | Vietnam |
| `google.com.tw` | Taiwan |
| `google.com.hk` | Hong Kong |
| `google.com.pk` | Pakistan |
| `google.com.bd` | Bangladesh |
| `google.com.np` | Nepal |
| `google.lk` | Sri Lanka |
| `google.com.mm` | Myanmar |
| `google.com.kh` | Cambodia |
| `google.la` | Laos |

#### Middle East & Africa

| Domain | Country |
|--------|---------|
| `google.co.za` | South Africa |
| `google.com.eg` | Egypt |
| `google.com.sa` | Saudi Arabia |
| `google.ae` | UAE |
| `google.co.il` | Israel |
| `google.com.ng` | Nigeria |
| `google.co.ke` | Kenya |
| `google.com.gh` | Ghana |
| `google.com.et` | Ethiopia |
| `google.co.tz` | Tanzania |
| `google.co.ug` | Uganda |
| `google.com.ly` | Libya |
| `google.dz` | Algeria |
| `google.co.ma` | Morocco |
| `google.tn` | Tunisia |
| `google.com.qa` | Qatar |
| `google.com.kw` | Kuwait |
| `google.com.bh` | Bahrain |
| `google.com.om` | Oman |
| `google.jo` | Jordan |
| `google.com.lb` | Lebanon |
| `google.iq` | Iraq |

#### Central Asia & Caucasus

| Domain | Country |
|--------|---------|
| `google.az` | Azerbaijan |
| `google.kz` | Kazakhstan |
| `google.ge` | Georgia |

---

## Latitude/Longitude Pinning (ll)

**Applicable to:** Maps Search only.

The `ll` parameter pins the Maps search to a specific latitude, longitude, and zoom level. It applies to the [Maps Search endpoint](/documentation/google-scraper-api/maps/search) only. Without `ll`, Google uses IP-based geolocation of the proxy network.

### Format

```
ll=@LAT,LNG,ZOOMz
```

- `LAT`, `LNG`: decimal coordinates (e.g., `40.7128,-74.0060`).
- `ZOOMz`: integer zoom from 1 (world) to 21 (building level), followed by the literal `z` (e.g., `13z`).

### Examples

| Target | `ll` value |
|---|---|
| Times Square, New York (neighborhood) | `@40.7580,-73.9855,15z` |
| Manhattan (borough) | `@40.7128,-74.0060,13z` |
| London Bridge area | `@51.5074,-0.0878,14z` |
| Shibuya, Tokyo | `@35.6595,139.7005,15z` |
| San Francisco Ferry Building | `@37.7955,-122.3937,14z` |

### Zoom guide

| Zoom | Typical coverage |
|---|---|
| `10z`–`12z` | Metro area / city |
| `13z`–`14z` | Borough / district |
| `15z`–`16z` | Neighborhood |
| `17z`–`19z` | Block / street |

Invalid `ll` values return `400 invalid ll parameter`.

---

## Device Emulation (device)

**Applicable to:** Search, Shopping.

| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| `desktop` (default) | Desktop layout |
| `mobile` | Mobile layout, with slightly different filter set, smaller thumbnails, and occasionally different ranking |

Invalid values return `400 device must be one of: desktop, mobile`.

```
/plugin/google/search?token=TOKEN&q=laptop&device=mobile
/plugin/google/shopping?token=TOKEN&q=laptop&device=mobile
```

Useful for tracking how listings appear across device types for the same query.

---

## Trends Geo Parameter (geo)

**Applicable to:** Trends only.

The Google Trends API uses its own `geo` parameter instead of `gl`. Format is the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code (uppercase) optionally followed by a region subdivision:

| Value | Meaning |
|---|---|
| `US` | United States |
| `US-CA` | California, US |
| `GB` | United Kingdom |
| `TR` | Turkey |
| `DE` | Germany |
| `JP` | Japan |
| `IN` | India |

See [Trends](/documentation/google-scraper-api/trends) for full details. `hl` works the same as on other sub-APIs.

---